MAZZINI’S DIVINE IDEAL, THE CARBONARI NETWORKS, AND THE REPUBLICAN STRUGGLE AGAINST MONARCHISM AND THEOCRACY
Introduction to Spiritual and Political Foundations of Italian Republican Nationalism
- INTRODUCTION
- MAZZINI AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
- THE CARBONARI AS A DECENTRALIZED NETWORK AGAINST ABSOLUTISM
- CARBONARI STRUGGLES AND THE CARBONARO INVOLVED
- MAZZINI’S DIVINE IDEAL: DIO E POPOLE
- THE REPUBLICAN NETWORKS FROM YOUNG ITALY TO GARIBALDI’S CAMPAIGNS
- GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI, THE SWORD OF REPUBLICANISM
- THE ROMAN REPUBLIC OF 1849
- THE STRUGGLR AGAINST DIVINE-RIGHT MONARCHY AND THEOCRACY
- A “THIRD REPUBLIC” OF THE PEOPLE
- LEGACY OF ITALIAN REPUBLICANISM IN THE RISORGIMENTO
- THE LONG AFTERMATH
- RECOMMENDED READINGS
INTRODUCTION
In the summer of 1815, the Congress of Vienna concluded its deliberations and imposed upon the Italian peninsula a settlement designed, above all, to extinguish the revolutionary fires that had burned across Europe for a quarter-century. The map of Italy was redrawn not by the aspirations of its peoples but by the calculations of Austrian, Russian, Prussian, and British statesmen. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The Habsburg-Lorraine line reclaimed Tuscany; Austrian garrisons occupied Lombardy-Venetia outright; the petty duchies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca were parceled out among compliant princes; and the Pope recovered the Papal States stretching across central Italy. What Prince Metternich, the architect of the Restoration, famously dismissed as a mere “geographical expression” was in fact a patchwork of absolutist regimes sustained by foreign bayonets, censorship, secret police, and the ideological buttress of divine-right kingship allied with papal authority.
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